Castles & Forts

Ancient Corinth also boasts archaeological ruins – mostly Roman and some Greek – at the foot of the huge rock, Acrocorinth. Walls, mosaics, reliefs and works of different civilizations are all present.

The Acropolis of Its Kale makes up a large section of the castle and within it lay the Fetiye Mosque, the graves of Ali Pasha and his family as well as several former residences within the castle. The remains of the buildings which housed the castle guards and army advisors still exist here.

A fortress dating from the 4th century BC lies near Porto Germeno (Yermeno). There are also remains of a 5th century basilica with a mosaic floor and remains of a medieval cloister.

The castles of Aeriko, Mirtousa and Pashalia, in Nestos Valley area are located along a very thin road where only one vehicle at a time can pass through. The backdrop to these castles is a small canyon where the views are impeccable.

Also known as the Fishermen’s Citadel, part of Alies has sunk underwater. The walls were 186 meters long and 2.5 meters wide, reinforced with circular and square towers. The foundations of these walls and towers are from porous rock, while the top part is made with river stones, bricks and tiles. There was also a religious centre inside the citadel, with an altar from the 4th century BC and ruins from the 5th and 6th. Evidence of workshops and residences can also be seen at the site.

This Byzantine castle majestically reigns above the Paleokastritsa area. Hike up a path to explore this 13th Century site where you’ll find the quaint church of Taxiarchi-Archangelou Michail and the intriguing Chapel of St. Kyriaki housed inside a cave boasting beautiful 18th Century murals.

This Venetian fortress was designed to protect one of Kythera’s most important ports and keep a vigilant eye over the Aegean. Explore this site and you’ll be transported to another world – which is why it’s a beloved highlight for all visitors. Lord Elgin’s ship, transporting the Parthenon marbles, sank close to the castle.

Karystos’ coastal fortress lies just at the edge of the city along the waterfront. It remains in such well-preserved condition that it’s hard to believe the structure dates back more than 700 years.

Attractively obvious from the lovely town of Nafplion, this is a fortified little island in the town’s gulf built by the Venetians somewhere between 1390 and 1540. The architecture was updated during the renaissance period and eventually occupied by the Ottomans in 1715. In the 50s it actually functioned as a hotel. It can be reached by boats from the harbour of Nauplion, and sometimes hosts concerts.

Overlooking the peaceful seaside village of Oreoi, the remains of a once-grand castle stand sentinel. Built up during the period of Frankish rule, the castle was inhabited continuously throughout the Byzantine and medieval periods. Further excavation throughout the area revealed traces of buildings dating back to the 4th and 5th centuries. Today little remains, though the views over Oreoi and the sea make the journey here worthwhile.

The only remaining Byzantine castle of the region is in the beautiful village of Fanari, located on a forested hill at an altitude of 450 meters, 15 km northwest of Karditsa. This is the best preserved fortress in all of Western Thessaly and dates from the 12th century. Note the lovely stone-built cottages of the area too.

Remains of a byzantine castle, destroyed in 1460, lie in on the hill of Mouchli near the village of Agiorgitika. The castle city housed the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa of the 13th century. Some columns of the church still remain.

There are remains of a Byzantine fortress from the 12th century at Megali Hora not far from the village of Angelokastro. Only a tower remains of the castle or fortress, but there is a more recent church in the vicinity. It is difficult to get to and lies high on a hill.

Also known by the Greek words for “new castle”, ‘Kainourio Kastelli’, can be found on the Mesara Plain, close to the Minoan “palace” of Phaistos.

Standing sentinel above the seaside town of Karystos, Castello Rosso or “red castle” is one of Evia’s most well-known monuments.

In the south of the town of Koroni lies the castle of Koroni, which was original a simple structure. It evolved into a Byzantine fort that was consequently invaded by the Franks during the 4th crusade, around 1205. While not much of the castle remains today, there are a couple of significant churches and monuments around from different eras. Tombs, Turkish baths and Venetian reservoirs and magnificent storage domes are still preserved.

There is a castle in Davlia with remains of a Byzantine church in the form of some columns. The church was apparently built on the foundations of another ancient temple dedicated to Polias Athena.

In Tarsus you can visit the castle and tower of Tarsus, where remains of fortifications allude to a much larger acropolis on the northern side of the hill. Some 300 meters below this point lies the tower, which was connected to the acropolis in the past.

The former residences of Pasha Kalou can be found along the northern side of the castle. This is where the Aslan dynasty lived out over a century of drama before ceding power to Ali Pasha’s family. The views over the lake and island are most impressive here.

Right where ancient Proena was situated, the castle and temple to Demeter from the 4th century BC or Hellenistic times protected women and children from wars and invasions. The relatively well-preserved castle is called Ginekokastro or ‘Women’s Castle’ and lies on a hilltop. A pavilion displays finds from the area.

Next to the Mosque of Aslan Pasha are the remains of the castle’s kitchens, where Ali Pasha’s decadent meals were once prepared. They were built towards the end of the 18th century and today a small cafe operates from this space.

There are remains of the Castle of Akova some 3.5 kilometres outside Vyziki. The castle represents a barony founded in the 13th century. It was built by Baron Gautier de Rosieres on more ancient ruins, and changed hands from the Franks to the Byzantines to the Venetians and the Ottomans. Only a few parts of the wall and tower remain intact, but the magic that surrounds the area is still there. Only a few parts of the wall and tower remain intact, but the magic that surrounds the area is still there.

This 15thC Venetian-Templar Castle can be reached after a hike, but the architecture will reward you. Built in 3 phases using volcanic rocks, it features homes and storage areas inside. Explore the churches of St. Nicholas and St. Paraskevi with beautiful murals and unique masonry.

Located outside the picturesque seaside village of Kymi, the remnants of this medieval castle lie next to the Monastery of the Transfiguration.

Rising abruptly from the otherwise flat Lilandia plains, the Castle of Fila towers over the modern-day town of the same name.

In Gythio (or Gythion) the castle of Goulades stands on Mavrovounio (Black Mountain). On the southwest side of Gythio near Marathea there’s the 13th century castle of Passavas, built on the ancient site of Las. Mystras, dubbed as a world-heritage UNESCO site, also has remains of a fortress and other buildings.

The castle of Kalamata is supposed to be on the site where the palace of Ortilochos of Pharai and subsequently of Diocles was, between 1580 and 1120 BC. The current medieval castle was built much later by the Knight and historian Geoffrey of Villehardouin in 1205 AD. The Byzantines and the Ottomans added to the structure. The lion of Saint Mark graces the entrance of the structure, reputed to be from the Eneti (also Heneti or Veneti) peoples who lived there millennia ago. Fragments from the Mycenaean and Roman eras have been found on the site, in addition to Hellenistic and Roman tombs. A small Byzantine temple remains close by, supposedly dedicated to the Virgin Mary of Kalomata (which may be the origin of the name of the city Kalamata).

Complete with multi-sided towers, ramparts and an interior church, the castle of Karababas is an excellent record in itself of Halkida’s history over the past 300 years. The structure was originally built at the end of the 17th century on behalf of the Turks. Its builder however, was a Venetian deserter and the castle has elements of both Venetian and Turkish architectural heritage. It stands on the Greek mainland directly across from Halkida and offers visitors amazing views over both the northern and southern halves of Evia’s Gulf.

The village of Kastri set near a forest of plane trees features a castle in its centre. Kastri is a derivative of the word Kastro, meaning castle in Greek.

In Kastriotissa, very much inland behind the Mornos lake and the highest village in the region at 1,260 meters, there are ruins of an ancient castle which lie at the southwest end of the village, as well as large blocks of stone from the era of the Ophioneis Aetolians. The town is named after the castle.

The impressive castle of Kelafa north of Aeropoli and to the south of Itilo was constructed by the Ottomans in 1670, seized 15 years by the locals with the help of the Venetians. There are remains of large walls and two of four towers that existed, as well as buildings parts and a canon (originally 58) for defence.

Just outside the village of Kosoikia Evdilou in the northern part of the Ikaria, lie the remains of the Castle of Koskina, at the peak of Mount Koskinas. Also known as the castle of “Messarias” or “Nikarias”, the structure was once a strong fortress during the Byzantine Era and later, the Frankish rule. The Byzantines built the castle at the top of a conical hill around the 10th century A.D. Due to the excellent visibility it offered, a small military base was established at the site, allowing soldiers the ability to survey the entire area, both over land and sea. Today, multiple fragments survive. The wall surrounding the top of the hill can be accessed  by the entrance at its northern side. Within the inner area of the hill, the church of St. George of Dorgana still exists, with ancient columns standing within its interior. At the northwestern side of the hill, crumbling remains of a settlement can be seen. According to legend, the castle was never penetrated, except on one occasion due to treason. Despite a path making it accessible, the castle sees few visitors due to its remote location.

Nobody is sure when the castle was built, but there are elements of Mycenaean architecture in its walls. Four turrets and restorations took place during Byzantine years, although only one turret remains today. An one time the castle had an acropolis overlooking the sea.

Considered one of the four Catalan castles in Greece, the Castle of Livadia on the hill of Agios Elias dates back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The Catalans occupied the city from 1309 to 1380. A long walls weaves itself steeply around the castle until it joins an important tower. There is a little church inside that was built in later times, purportedly on a site where a temple dedicated to Zeus stood. Take a walk from the castle through the walls to enjoy the magnificent view of the gorge of Krya.

On the southernmost tip of the western side of the Peloponnese lies the impressive castle of Methoni, with evidence of fortifications dating back to the 7th century BC. It served as a Byzantine fort until 1204 AD, passing five years on to the Eneti who established a commercial port and fortified the castle along the lines of Venetian architecture. On a small island to the south of the castle lies the Bourtzi, an octagonal tower-like fort with symmetrical walls.

The castles of Mystras should be seen by every visitor to the area. Across the valley from Mystras is the magical Yeraki, where there is a fortress built as early as 1209 by Frankish baron Guy de Nivellet. Yeraki is at a height of 500 meters, and also boasts the well preserved Byzantine church of Saint George. It is reputed that the people of Monemvasia, Yeraki and Mystras kept in contact through smoke signals.

Built in the 5thC by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and then fortified by the Genoese and Venetians, it’s still so well preserved history and architecture buffs will be astounded. Admire the threshold’s tall wrought-iron gates and explore the many beautiful stone-built inner walls, traces of Roman, Byzantine, Genoese and Ottoman fortifications, turret and admirable Byzantine reservoir – enormous for its time.

Built sometime between 1280 and 1310, the remains of this castle on the outskirts of Kalavrita lie at an altitude of 1100 meters, surrounded by many legends and wars. Supposedly, Aikaterini Palaiologou, one of the few remaining notables of the Byzantine dynasty, leapt to her death in 1463 from the castle to avoid capture from the Ottoman Turks. In a twist of fate some 360 years later in 1821, the Greeks fired the first cannon against the Ottoman occupation towards its end. Today, only some ruins and part of a gate can be seen, but the place is still enchanting.

Crowning a high peak and accessible after a hike, this Byzantine castle won’t disappoint. Although only remains are left, the lay-out and masonry is worth a visit.

The remains of this once impressive castle lie between the villages of Petra and Nea Kerasounta in the south west corner of Preveza Prefecture. The current castle stands on the site of an ancient city of the Helian tribe known as Vouhetio. Roman, Byzantine and Venetian conquerors overtook the castle successively and made improvements. However, the castle was dealt its deathblow by the Turks during the Turkish-Venetian War at the end of the 17th century and what remained are the present ruins we can see today.

The Antirio castle, also known as the Castle of Roumeli, was built by the Ottomans on the foundations of a Venetian castle, and is in very good condition. It lies at the base of the Rio-Antirio bridge on the side of Aetoloakarnania.

Visit the castle of Salona in Amfissa, also known as the Castle of Orgia or Oria, where an ancient acropolis once stood and where there are remnants and ruins from many different eras in history. The castle walls look impressive as you enter the town.

Found at the southernmost point of Paleochora, there are now only remnants of the castle; a few walls are still barely intact, other stone wall divides and relics also on site.

The castle of Siteia is mostly in ruins now, with the exception of a double-storied tower, with round look out points. It is well worth visiting, however, and lies on a hill looking over the pleasant seaside town of the same name. The original castle, built by the Genoese “pirate”, Enrico Pescatore, in the early 13th century, was closer to the sea, but this was destroyed by a couple of earthquakes and raids by the corsair, Hairedin Barbarossa, in the 1530s. The Venetians decided that the new castle needed to be higher up the hill if it were to withstand further attacks, but within a few years Siteia and its castle were in the hands of the Ottoman Turks, who did not rebuild it.

Here’s a large fortified settlement from the Byzantine period spread over 130,000 square meters, with exceptional views to the coast and the valley of Agia. This area was home to the Byzantine city of Centauropolis (Kentavropoli), with walls fortified by Justinian.

Much of the walls are from the Paliochristian period, showing small and large stones with plaster, reaching up to three meters in some places. On the eastern side there is another style wall with smaller pieces of brick and stone from the middle Byzantine period. Remains of a lone tower in ruins dominate the area to this day.

Source: Dimosagias

The castle of Skyros towers above what was once the fortified main town of Chora. While it is not accessible to visitors as it is being renovated due to damage by earthquakes, it is still interesting to learn about this structure and fort around it. A walk up to the nearby courtyard is highly recommended.

Built during the Byzantine era and then restored by the Venetians, you’ll be able to explore remains dating back to the 12th-16th Centuries. This castle provided a strategically significant overview of the island and the Ionian and as such was adopted by the Venetians as the island’s medieval capital.

Built in 1293 by John Orsini, a Frankish ruler, this architectural gem is one of the best examples of Medieval fortification in Greece. It’s surrounded by water and within its walls you can see the remains of Venetian buildings as well as visit the 15thC Church of St. Maura.

Follow the Boulevard of Palms over the moat and explore this Templar castle that was built in the 15thC. Towers such as Del Caretto’s Bastion, cannon-posts, stone-carved coats of arms, and storage areas still remain, providing history aficionados much to admire. In a hurry to build the castle, the Knights used archaeological remains to finish the walls – keep an eye out for this unusual trait.

Once a fortification lying over 21,000 meters just north of Velika, this castle was strategic in surveying coastal settlements. Its walls are two meters thick and at some points three meters high. Source: Dimosagias

In Makrokomi north of the main town are remains of a citadel from the Hellenistic period. More to the east in the Haradra tou Nevrikou ravine there are remains of a castle on the rocks. To the south there is the Castle of Laina. In Nea and Palea Gianitsou-Papas there are some remains of two ancient castles as well.

Katafigi is a village within the municipality of Itamos. Therein lie the ruins of an ancient castle, testifying to the area’s long history of occupation.

Found near Kastro village on this beautifully lush little island off the coast of Lefkada you’ll be able to visit the remains of a fortified monastery whose history isn’t well documented. Fortified walls and vaulted ceilings still stand, and legend has it that the mother of one of Greece’s most famed revolutionaries, Giorgios Karaiskakis, is buried somewhere near the castle.

Built upon a rock, 35 metres in height, Charakas castle can be found some 50 Kms south-west of Herakleion, in the Mesara plain. Built during Venetian rule, one can still see the central buildings and tower, a well, and the attached church of Christou.

Considered one of the best preserved castles within the Peloponnese, the Chlemoutsi Castle (also known as the Clermont or Tomese castle) was built sometime around 1220.

Also called Fortezza, this castle was built by the Venetians in the 1200s boasting many architecturally noteworthy characteristics here, including a prison, gunpowder storage tower, homes that belonged to over 200 soldiers, and a domed cistern. Also worth visiting is Pantokrator Church within the castle, and the adjoining Historical Archive of Kythera.

Built by the Knights Templar in the 15thC, the remains of this castle will let you peek into Kalymnos’ medieval past. Seek out the coats-of-arms belonging to the Knights Templar, explore the Church of Panagia Chrysoheria – this is where a hoard of gold coins was rumored to be found under its floors.

The remains of the only church that operated within the castle walls during Ottoman rule lie behind the vault of Ali Pasha.

At the central gate of the castle you’ll find the impressive clock tower built by local architect Pericles Melirritos during the rule of Osman Pasha from 1897 – 1905. It was constructed to celebrate the anniversary of rule under the Sultan Abdoul Hamit Han and contains inscriptions from the Koran.

The town’s famous Clock Tower was rebuilt in 1936, but the old-world features that make it a favorite landmark among both locals and visitors will make you a fan. It stands proud in the middle of old and new buildings, and is one of the defining parts of Trikala.

Remains of homes from the Neolithic area can be seen on the hills of the area. There are remains of the ancient settlement of Tavmakos, cyclopean walls, a castle and a circular fortress called Stroggilokastro (meaining Round Castle).

In Skiada the ancient Tower of a Byzantine general, Doxapatri, has escaped destruction, whereas further south lie the scanty ruins of the castle of Paleologos.

The ancient city of Drakano once stood in the area known today as Faros (Fanari) on the eastern edge of the island, and included the acropolis and tower of which, ruins can be seen today. The tower represents the city’s most well-preserved building as it stands at an altitude of 50 metres and affords visitors incredible views of Samos and the Fourni Islands in the distance. Form a construction standpoint, it is considered an impressive work of art and remains as one of the most well-preserved towers throughout the entire Aegean.

The charming village of Gouvies just 15 klm. Northeast of Istiaia is home to what is today referred to as the Drosini Tower.

On a rocky hill of granite in Exomvourgo or simply Xombourgo (which means “outside the castle”) lie the ruins of an ancient archaeological site, dating between the 11th and 3rd centuries BC. There are remains of a temple of Dimitra from the 8th century BC, as well as a Venetian fort constructed in 1207. The capital of Tinos in medieval times was in this area.

Within the Fortress of Its Kale stands this impressive mosque. Its current structure was commissioned by Ali Pasha in 1795 to replace the older version built 1430 on top of the ruins of an old Byzantine Church. A later version of the mosque was built to commemorate the defeat of a peasant uprising lead by Dionysius “the philosopher” in 1611. The graves of Ali Pasha and his family can be found in the courtyard in front of the mosque.

Above the town of Molaon within the municipality by the same name lies a small fort built by the Franks, Turks or Byzantines, depending on who you talk to.

This fortress has had an illustrious history and changed hands many times: Ottoman Sultan Bayezit II built the initial fortification at Rio in 1499. It fell to the Spaniards in 1532, but was then reclaimed by the Ottomans. In 1603 the Knights of Malta destroyed parts of it, before the fort was taken over by Venetian nobleman and warlord Francesco Morosini. The latter added new bastions, towers and ramparts, only to have it seized again by the Ottomans in 1715. They eventually surrendered in 1828 to French revolutionist General Nicolas Joseph Maison at the end of the Greek revolution.

This fortress was erected in the 1500s by the Venetians at a time when Kefallonia was plagued by pirate raids.The view from the fortress will not only enchant you but also show you first-hand why this fortification was strategically vital.The fortress’ imposing stone walls are over 2000 meters long, so walk along them as you explore.

The castle-fortress of Patras was built in the 6th century A.D. by Justinian where an ancient acropolis once stood. The castle repelled the Slavs, Saracens and even Normans who surrounded the city and helped thwart the invasion of the Peloponnese.

Sitting stoically on the southern shores of Western Crete, Frangokastello is a remarkably well-preserved Venetian fortress built in the 14th century. It boasts four towers connected by its large stone walls with serried battlements. Check out the remnants of smaller rooms inside.

In the picturesque village of Karitena lies a Frankish castle since the days when the Franks took over the region from the Byzantines, around 1209. Under the Franks the town was given to Hugo de la Bruyeres, who built the castle on a hilltop in 1245 and gave it to his son Geoffrey. The castle is sometimes referred to as the Toledo of Greece for its strategic location right at the entrance to the Alpheios Gorge. Greek hero Tehodore Kolokotronis made use of this during the revolution against the Ottomans. While the castle is not in the best condition and is not always open to the public, a snoop around its walls can be enchanting.

This Medieval fort/castle is located within the town, next to the neighborhood of Varousi. Founded by the Emperor Justinian in the 6thC, the fort includes the town’s famous Clock Tower which was rebuilt in 1936, as well as the Byzantine Churches of the Transfiguration of the Savior and Archangel Michael.
Explore the area, and get a taste of the town’s Medieval and Byzantine past. Note that the castle consists of three areas, like sections. One of the most beautiful sections is that part that contains the clock tower. Trikala Town’s municipal government landscaped the area and has now turned it into a beautiful park. Lounge on the lawns and take a picnic lunch with you as you eat in the shadow of one of the city’s most important landmarks. After, head to the theater built in the next section. If you’re visiting during the summer, catch a performance here. It’s a unique sight.

Four kilometres north of the village of Giannitsi lay the ruins of this castle which offers its visitors incredible views over the plains below as well as the Aegean to the east.

For a trip back in time, explore this stunning Medieval castle overlooking this beautiful town. Built by the Byzantines and the Genoese Gattelusi family, you’ll fall in love with its imposing allure. Admire the thick oak door plated in metal that opens to the center of this Byzantine castle and the stunning views it affords over the Aegean. Take in a concert or play – as a cultural venue, this castle is unbeatable.

Dotting the Gramvousa peninsula is this remarkable Venetian fortress, once home to pirates and one of the very last places to be conquered by the Turkish invaders. Situated high above its dramatic waters visitors are rewarded for climbing the steep stone staircase into its belly with extraordinary panoramic views of the surrounding beach and mountains. The fortress is still in relatively good condition and can be explored easily.

Ali Pasha’s body is buried in front of the Fetiye Mosque and his grave is located within an intricate iron cage. The infamous ruler of Ioannina met his fate on the small island across the lake, where he waited in vain for absolution from the Sultan. Instead, he was met with a band of the empire’s soldier who decapitated him and took his head with them to Constantinople.

Built in the Middle Byzantium and rebuilt by the Knights Templar, the ruins of this archaeological site offer you a glimpse all the way back to the 4thC BC through to the 15thC AD. Take the time to admire the wood-carved altar in the Church of Panagia Keharitomeni within the castle grounds.

Ironically, next to the church of Agios Anargiros are the remains of the infamous harem of Ali Pasha. It has been said that here, Ali the womaniser had 300 women coming from all parts of the Ottoman Empire.

The municipality of Gorgopotamos has two castles: There is the Castle of Iraklia or Heraclea in Delfinio, which was repaired in the 6th century AD by Justinian. There’s also a castle in Dio Vouna, in an area near the village called Vounoi (pronounced Vouni).

Built upon the Saracen site of rabdh-el-Khandak (fortress of the moat), and a later Byzantine castle, this walled city’s fortifications stretched for some three 3Kms. Four gates allowed people access, or kept them out.

Like Siteia castle, the fortifications here were originally set in place by Enrico Pescatore, in the early part of the 13th century, though almost everything visible nowadays is Venetian, or in the case of the garrison, Turkish. The fortifications form a perfect rectangle, with the walls running east to west, being 50 metres in length, and those running north to south, 25 metres long.

The oldest Byzantine castle in the country also serves as the emblem of the city and acts as a reminder of both the glory and hardship that Ioannina has enjoyed and endured over centuries. A truly impressive structure, it encompasses 200 acres with the perimeter of its walls spanning 2000 square meters. It was first built under the supervision of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 528 A.D. in an attempt to raise the empire’s defence system in the event of an attack as well as to house the empire’s administration centre.

Situated just 250 meters from the Bulgarian border, in the foothills of Mt Belles at an altitude of 1,936 meters, this fort-turned-museum was part of the Metaxas defense line, named after then dictator of Greece Ioannis Metaxas. It was built as defense against invasion and as a base for military attacks against the German-Bulgarian forces in WWII.

Dating from 340 BC), this Castle is considered to be an archaeological site of the area. It boasts a panoramic view of the Nestos valley.

This castle can be found in the eastern part of the island. It stands at an altitude of 800 metres within the Athera mountains and can be accessed by a single path which starts at Mavrato and continues towards Karavostamo. The castle’s location and its imposing views over Ikaria’s entire eastern region suggest that it once acted as an important fortress and look-out point. Unfortunately, only fragments of the castle have survived but its impressive views make the journey worth the while.

This is one of Crete’s Genoese built castle (there are 15 of them, in all), though the name, often associated with the Genoese castle Benifacio in Corsica. May have got its name later, from the Venetians in recognition of Boniface de Monferatt, who sold them the island in 1204. It was abandoned by the Venetians at quite an early stage, as revolutionaries constantly sought to break down its doors, and very little remains to be seen toda

Built by the Venetians around 1205 AD, this castle commands a privileged spot overlooking the village of Psachnon. Parts of its walls, ramparts and the foundations of towers still remain today, though most of the castle was destroyed by the Turks in 1470.

West of the village of Dafni in north central Evia, ruins of a castle can be seen on a low hill at Kastro, near the road heading to Strofilias. The structure dates back to the 5th century BC, though a large number of artefacts including statues and pottery as well as graves have been found in the area and suggest that it was inhabited from the Geometric era.

Serenely lying on a hill, the Kazarma Citadel or Acropolis is located on the 15th kilometre of the Nafplio-Epidaurus highway. The citadel boasts four circular towers and walls that are 2.5 meters wide and 5.2 meters high. It has a polygon shape and dates by some accounts from the fourth century BC! It was rebuilt however in Roman times, then in Byzantine times.

The Venetian Castle of Keratopirgos in Malesina is considered one of the most important archaeological remains in the town.

Explore this unique structure close to a lushly forested mountain. Dating back to the Byzantine and Medieval era, it exudes an otherworldly aura and gives you a peek into the architecture of the period.

In Korakovouni, lying among some venerable plane trees are the remains of a Venetian castle.

Near Mesolongi is the Castle of Kyra Rini, but sadly not much remains of this medieval gem. Named after Lady Irene, daughter of Emperor Alexios Paleologos, it is best reached by hiking on a dirt road. Myth has it that there are two boxes of gold hidden in the castle, with a third box with snakes that guard the treasure.

This small fortification built with large stone slabs sits at the entrance of the Manikiatis Gorge just above the small hamlet of Vrysi. Researchers have also discovered ruins at this site which date back to the Hellenistic period.

Not to be confused with the city by the same name, and lying at an elevation of almost 290 metres, Larissa represents the Acropolis of Argos. Not to be confused with the city by the same name, and lying at an elevation of almost 290 metres, Larissa represents the Acropolis of Argos, possibly named after the ancient Pelasgos’ daughter. Protecting the entrance to the plain of Argolis, this natural fort was not surprisingly used by the Romans, Byzantines, Franks, Venetians and Ottomans. There are four cisterns and a wall from more recent years around the acropolis, which used to be surrounded by older Cyclopean walls. This is where history and mythology start blending. An underground passage some 3,000 steps in length lies under Larissa, with two caves. The church of Agia Marina from 1859 AD was constructed on the remnants of the temple of Zeus of Larissa. Another church on the slopes of Larissa, that of Panagia Katakekrymmeni, is built near where the ancient temples of Athena Oxyderkis and Pythaeus Apollo are. The ancient sanctuary of Acraia Hera is also visible at Larissa, so the temple of Apollo, considered the first to be first built by Pythaeus of Delphi.

Not far from Yefira (‘bridge’ over the Alfeos river) is the medieval settlement of Leontari. Ruins of the town’s caslte are found on the hill. Leontari was an important 14th century town and the seat of the Despots of the Morea (Peloponnese).

A short distance from the castle lies the Promahona Litharitsia, which roughly translates into “rock fortress.” Commissioned by Ali Pasha in 1800, this impressive fortification was constructed to act as a first line of defence against enemies attempting to breach the castle walls. It was once fortified with canons and other weapons. Today a cafe and restaurant operate within its walls and offer enchanting views over the lake.

The coastal road beyond Paleros goes inland towards Vonitsa (built where ancient Anaktorion is) on the Amvarkikos Gulf. In this area, the hills above Agios Petros feature walls and ruins from ancient temples, but also significant remains of a medieval castle near the notable 12th century church of Divine Wisdom.

In the Municipality of Molos there’s a medieval castle near Mendenitsa, considered one of the best preserved castles compared to similar ones.

A living, breathing fort town is Monemvasia, linked to the Peloponnese mainland by a causeway. Originally it was built in the 6th century, changing hands between Ottomans and Venetians many times with Byzantine churches in its midst. While it is more touristic than other areas on the Peloponnese, it is worth visiting for the beautiful restoration of its medieval buildings and its reputation as a centre of art and culture.

This mosque, also known as the Mosque of Ali Pasha, was built in 1618, almost 200 years before its namesake came to power in the region. In 1993, the mosque underwent an ambitious renovation and today it houses the Public Ethnographic Museum of Ioannina. Visitors can see a large array of pieces such as jewellery, weapons and furniture from previous centuries.

This breathtaking example of Venetian architecture was built on flaming red rock that comes to brilliant life at sunset. St. Mark’s lion, the coat-of-arms of the Venetian Republic, adorns the gate above the entrance. Built in 1565, it once housed 50 Venetian families charged with protecting the island from pirates’ terrifying raids.

The New Fortress, built in the 16th Century, stands opposite the Old Fortress and boasts the Bastion of the Seven Winds where stunning views reward your uphill trek. Widely lauded as a wonder of military architecture, the New Fortress (or Neo Frourio in Greek) beckons you to imagine what it was like to ardently defend this much-loved and highly-prized island. Completely open to the public, you can explore the site’s vaulted passageways and imposing arcades as well as a stone building built during the British period where you’ll find the Museum of Ceramic Art. Don’t miss out on the many concerts, plays and art exhibitions that take place in the open grounds of the New Fortress over the summer period.

The Old Fortress (Palaio Frourio in Greek) looms before you as you stroll down Spianada Square, reminding visitors of the many sieges Corfu withstood and the crucial role it played in the Mediterranean’s military defenses.

The Kahal Kadosh Yashan synagogue known as the “old synagogue” can be found within the castle’s walls along Justinian Street. Its foundation is believed to date back to the Byzantine period. Today’s surviving structure was renovated in 1987 and survives thanks to the efforts of former Ioannina mayor Dimitrios Vlahides. He convinced the Nazis not to destroy it, claiming that the Greeks wished to convert it into a library. He also managed to save dozens of Jewish artefacts found within the church that were later given to returning survivors of the holocaust.

Only 15 kilometres south-west of the main town lies the ruins of the Old Woman’s Castle, with towers from the Hellenistic period and a 19th century iron loading bridge.

Situated on the road to Aghia Pelaghia, a few Kms northwest of Herakleion, and a short distance from the charming village of Rogdia, the name means “old castle” and this is one of several so-named castles on the island. Another which was originally Genoese built, and of especial interest to the historian, as it was here that Enrico Pescatore left the island in 1211, having come to an arrangement with the Venetians, which saw him, considerably richer, and Venice at last gain control of the island they’d bought in 1204. What we see now is almost all from the last century of the Venetian period, having been rebuilt on three levels by Latino Orsini, as the ever-increasing threat from the Ottoman empire, became ever so increasingly real.

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At 216 meters above sea level lies the majestic castle of Palamidi overlooking Nauplio. It was built by the Venetians during their second occupation of the area, i.e. between 1686 and 1715. This is a fine specimen of a baroque fortress, which was taken over by the Ottomans until 1822 before being liberated by the Greeks. Some of the walls have been restored, particularly the wall of the castle and some of the weaker parts. The castle is composed of eight bastions, surrounded by the walls. You can climb up using a long stairway. Also note the Church of Agios Andreas actually built within one of the bastions.

Built in the 12th Century by Byzantines from Monemvasia, it’s strategically located within a stunning gorge that offers ample natural protection. Within the fortress you’ll find the beautiful Church of St. Barbara. If you love all things spooky, visit the castle after sundown – locals swear you’ll hear the screams of women who were killed by Barbarossa.

In the village of Sarantameri lie the remains of the Paleologos castle or palace, one of the last vestiges of this Byzantine dynasty.

Perdiki castle gets its name from its location just outside a village bearing the same name. It’s also known as the castle of “Lefa” or “Kephala” from the impressive slope of the rock also called Kephala. Reaching the castle is only possible on foot via a path which leads towards Faros and passes through the old settlement of Skales, where hikers can see the old, deserted houses and graphic church of St. Stavros.

At an elevation of 1,050 meters lies the village of Piana above the verdant valley of Falantho where the Elisson or Davia river runs. There are remains of a medieval castle there, are well as remains from the ancient city of Dipaea.

Near Katakolo in the municipality of Pyrgos there are remains of castle today called Pontikokastro (meaning Mouse Castle), built by the Villhardouins hundreds of years ago.

The Frankish fortification known as “Potiri Castle” gets its name from its cylindrical shape (Potiri means glass in Greek). Originally built by the Byzantines, it was overtaken by the Franks in 1205.

The castle at Profitis Ilias (also known as Roka) dates backs to the early part of the second Byzantine period, i.e. shortly after 961 AD.

The largest of the 21 fortresses of the Metaxa line, the Roupel or Rupel Fort (also called Metaxa Fortress) sits 322 meters above sea level and overlooks the Roupel Pass between mounts Bellas and Aggistro. It was surrendered to the Germans on April 10, 1941, after a historic 4-day battle. Splendid views from what is now a museum and monument. Tours are provided of the large complex of mostly underground bunkers. It comprises 6.1 out of the 155 kilometres of the full line of fortifications.

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Situated 25km north of Serres, the remains of the medieval fort that gave the town its name ‘Iron Castle’ can still be seen in this idyllic traditional village with shady squares, stone bridges and waterfalls. The Issari Fort, built by Byzantine Emperor Basil II and 155 meters tall, is the most imposing feature of the town’s northwestern side. But there also lie the Aghios Dimitris church, carved into a rock, and the Kroussovitis river which cuts the town in two.

This 18thC Ottoman fortress overlooks the area and played an important military role during Ottoman occupation. Explore the layout of the castle and get the same vantage point as warriors once did, with stunning views of the harbor and Sigri. Make sure you visit the Petrified Forest and Museum near Sigri.

This impressive building is located in the eastern section of the castle. It was built in 1818 and was used as Ali Pasha’s cavalry school. Throughout its history, it has been used by the Greek army as a warehouse garage as well as other military functions. It had fallen into disarray before undergoing an extensive renovation project. Today it houses a library containing invaluable historical documents.

Spinalonga, was connected to the mainland peninsular of Kolokytha, until the Venetians cut a channel on its southern flank, creating the island we see today.

Little remains of the walls from this fortification near the area of Stefani just southwest of Mourtia. Though only mere pieces of the castle walls have been found, several artefacts dating back to the Classical era have been unearthed here.

Medieval Tavia, built at the foot of Mount Mainalo. featured a castle which today lies in ruins. Various buildings of this medieval town, including the castle towers and two gates, still remain.

The tumultuous history of this castle is representative of many others throughout the region. It was originally built sometime during the 17th century by the Turks. After the city was taken over by the Venetians, they made some improvements to it however in 1699, they destroyed it before handing the city back to the Turks who then rebuilt it. Unfortunately, the interior isn’t open to the public.

Under the supervision of then ruler Ali Pasha, this castle was constructed during the beginning of the 19th century. It stands at the southern side of the city and was built in a similar style as Agios Andreas.

In between the villages of Agia and Anthousa north of Parga, stands one of the most well – preserved castles within the region. Built by Ali Pasha in 1814, its location on a hilltop allowed the ruler to control and defend Parga from its walls. It was built in the shape of a polygon and features a large tower and exceptionally tall walls.

This impressive castle stands on a promontory above the entrance of Parga’s harbour. It was first built by the Venetians but was destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its volatile history. In 1808, it became the property of Ali Pasha through the sale of Parga to him by the British leaders of the Ionian Islands at the time. Inside he housed his baths and harem (and undoubtedly enjoyed the view it offered of Parga from above.) Travellers would be wise to take advantage of it as well by making the delightful hike from the town centre to the castle.

One of the oldest castles in the region is the Castle of Riniasas which silently stands sentinel on a hilltop near the village of Riza. Historians estimate that the castle was built sometime during the 12th century, most likely by the ruler of Epirus, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas. Through the years it became a fortified city which was able to monitor the trade on land and at sea.

In 1807, Ali Pasha decided to build this large fortress on a cape 3 kilometres west of Preveza along the coast of the Ionian Sea. Its location gives it a timeless, almost romantic feeling and the fact that it’s completely open makes it a must-see for explorers. The castle takes its name from the small church that is built at its pinnacle.

An outstanding castle or kastro dominates the town. It was built by the Venetian Marco Sanudo, underlining the importance of Naxos as a capital of a Venetian dukedom until 1566.

What remains of the capital city of the Helian tribe lies on top of the hill just outside the village of Kastri. During the 4th century BC, this tribe was the main rival of both the Mollosian and Kassopeian tribes, which built the impressive cities of Orraon and Kassopi elsewhere in the Preveza region.

Although it’s one of Christianity’s most important monasteries, it’s built like a Byzantine castle and exhibits all the features you’d expect to find in a castle dating back to 1088. A stunning courtyard lies within a turreted outer wall that stretches almost to the sky. Admire the enormous main gate equipped to stop invaders by dousing them with scalding oil and water. Visit the Library, Cathedral and Sacristy.

Located between Skafidaki and Aktio, this rampart was constructed by Ali Pasha around the same time as the Castle of Agios Andreas. It was built in order to control and protect the harbour. Today one can also see the outer walls which surrounded it as an extra measure of defence.

If you’re a fairly good swimmer, this is one fort that’s for you. It lies on an islet off the coast, ready to be explored. Head to Tolo with its clean beaches, although slightly touristy, but with a surprise in store for those who seek quite mystery. You can literally swim the calm waters to one of two close-by islets to explore the remains of a medieval castle left over from Frankish times.

In Kato Samiko there are remains of an Ottoman tower built by Ibrahim Pasha in 1826.

The tall tower is all that remains of the Byzantine Castle of Ezevy. Maro was the wife of Murad II and the daughter of the Serb sovereign George Brakovic. She had enough influence that Turk officers were sent to assassinate her. She escaped and died in a nearby village.

Near the resort village of Tropaia on the slopes of Ayios Giorgos there are well preserved remains of a medieval castle, with three towers, dating from the Frankish period.

Below the Tower of Voihmoundou lies the infamous vault of Ali Pasha. The ruler’s fortune was said to be incomparable to any of its time and has yet to be found. Some believe that it was carried off to Constantinople by the sultan’s forces after the assassination of Ali Pasha, yet others claim it has yet to be found. Today it houses interesting exhibits of gold and silver jewellery dating back to the 17th century.

There are only remains today of the Venetian Castle which once stood in Nisi, beside the resort town of Paralio Astros.

There is a splendid Venetian castle gracing the hills of Nafpaktos with all its glory, plus old walls by its harbour. The well-preserved citadel and circular walled harbour, complete with ramparts, are considered among the finest specimens of castle architecture in the country.

Just outside the village of Koutoumoula, travellers have the opportunity to see one of the best preserved Venetian towers throughout the country.